- Mercal is made up of government-subsidised supermarkets that provide basic foods such as beans, bread, milk and vegetables. By supporting local producers, Mercal can lower their prices and play a role in eradicating poverty and malnutrition in Venezuela.
- PDVAL was established in 2008 and works with Mercal to distribute subsidised food and ensure food security for Venezuelan communities.
- Food houses. These are collective soup kitchens that work at the community level to support and strengthen local agriculture. Social movements and the government work in partnership, communities manage them and the government provides the equipment and food.
Source: Beauregard (2009) "Food policy for people: incorporating food sovereignty principles into State governance. Case studies of Venezuela, Mali, Ecuador, and Bolivia".
- Kick-starting
- Creating networks
- Local institution
- Social movement, social organisation
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